Dishonest intention at the inception of an agreement is an essential ingredient of cheating under Section 415 read with Section 420 of the IPC. Mere failure to fulfil a promise or non-paymen..

Sections 302 and 364 of the IPC are separate and distinct offences and do not qualify as cognate offences under the CrPC. Conviction for a lesser offence under Section 222 CrPC is permissibl..

Non-recovery of the dead body does not, as an invariable rule, render a prosecution case doubtful or entitle the accused to acquittal. In cases resting on circumstantial evidence, the last s..

Inherent powers under Section 482 of the CrPC cannot be exercised to quash an FIR involving allegations of forgery and fraud when forensic examination of disputed documents is pending and in..

Use of colloquial expressions such as "Nalayak" during a public political protest does not, by itself, attract criminal liability under Section 294 or Section 504 of the Indian Penal Code. S..

In cases resting on circumstantial evidence, every link in the chain must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. Strong suspicion — even arising from a strained marital relationship or addicti..

To attract mischief under Section 425 IPC, there must be actual destruction of or injurious change to property — mere possession of combustible material without ignition does not constitut..

Consent given by an accused to undergo Narco Analysis Test is not irrevocable and may be withdrawn at any time before or during the conduct of such test. Conducting a Narco Analysis Test aga..

Under Section 175(3) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, a Magistrate cannot delegate the statutory inquiry to the police before directing investigation. The expression "inquiry..

Under Section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, the essential requirement for admissibility of a discovery is that information supplied by the accused in custody must relate distinctly to the f..

Failure to furnish written grounds of arrest does not automatically render an arrest illegal unless the accused demonstrates actual prejudice — the "prejudice test" governs alleged procedu..

The standard for summoning additional accused under Section 319 CrPC is "strong and cogent evidence" — higher than prima facie satisfaction but well below proof beyond reasonable doubt. Co..